Beej's Guide to C Programming

Brian “Beej Jorgensen” Hall

v0.8.0, Copyright © June 16, 2022

1 Foreword
2 Hello, World!
3 Variables and Statements
4 Functions
5 Pointers—Cower In Fear!
6 Arrays
7 Strings
8 Structs
9 File Input/Output
10 typedef: Making New Types
11 Pointers II: Arithmetic
12 Manual Memory Allocation
13 Scope
14 Types II: Way More Types!
15 Types III: Conversions
16 Types IV: Qualifiers and Specifiers
- 16.1 Type Qualifiers
- 16.2 Storage-Class Specifiers
17 Multifile Projects
18 The Outside Environment
19 The C Preprocessor
20 structs II: More Fun with structs
21 Characters and Strings II
- 21.1 Escape Sequences
22 Enumerated Types: enum
- 22.1 Behavior of enum
- 22.2 Your enum is a Type
23 Pointers III: Pointers to Pointers and More
24 Bitwise Operations
- 24.1 Bitwise AND, OR, XOR, and NOT
- 24.2 Bitwise Shift
25 Variadic Functions
26 Locale and Internationalization
27 Unicode, Wide Characters, and All That
28 Exiting a Program
29 Signal Handling
30 Variable-Length Arrays (VLAs)
31 goto
32 Types Part V: Compound Literals and Generic Selections
- 32.1 Compound Literals
- 32.2 Generic Selections
33 Arrays Part II
34 Long Jumps with setjmp, longjmp
- 34.1 Using setjmp and longjmp
- 34.2 Pitfalls
35 Incomplete Types
36 Complex Numbers
37 Fixed Width Integer Types
38 Date and Time Functionality
39 Multithreading
40 Atomics
41 Function Specifiers, Alignment Specifiers/Operators
- 41.1 Function Specifiers
  - 41.1.1 inline for Speed—Maybe
  - 41.1.2 noreturn and _Noreturn
- 41.2 Alignment Specifiers and Operators
  - 41.2.1 alignas and _Alignas
  - 41.2.2 alignof and _Alignof
42 <assert.h> Runtime and Compile-time Diagnostics
43 <complex.h> Complex Number Functionality
44 <ctype.h> Character Classification and Conversion
45 <errno.h> Error Information
- 45.1 errno
46 <fenv.h> Floating Point Exceptions and Environment
47 <float.h> Floating Point Limits
48 <inttypes.h> More Integer Conversions
49 <iso646.h> Alternative Operator Spellings
50 <limits.h> Numeric Limits
51 <locale.h> locale handling
- 51.1 setlocale()
- 51.2 localeconv()
52 <math.h> Mathematics
53 <setjmp.h> Non-local Goto
- 53.1 setjmp()
- 53.2 longjmp()
54 <signal.h> signal handling
- 54.1 signal()
- 54.2 raise()
55 <stdalign.h> Macros for Alignment
- 55.1 alignas() _Alignas()
- 55.2 alignof() _Alignof()
56 <stdarg.h> Variable Arguments
57 <stdatomic.h> Atomic-Related Functions
58 <stdbool.h> Boolean Types
- 58.1 Example
- 58.2 _Bool?
59 <stddef.h> A Few Standard Definitions
60 <stdint.h> More Integer Types
61 <stdio.h> Standard I/O Library
62 <stdlib.h> Standard Library Functions
63 <stdnoreturn.h> Macros for Non-Returning Functions
64 <string.h> String Manipulation
65 <tgmath.h> Type-Generic Math Functions
- 65.1 Example
66 <threads.h> Multithreading Functions
67 <time.h> Date and Time Functions
68 <uchar.h> Unicode utility functions
69 <wchar.h> Wide Character Handling
70 <wctype.h> Wide Character Classification and Transformation
71 Exercises