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25 Variadic Functions

Variadic is a fancy word for functions that take arbitrary numbers of arguments.

A regular function takes a specific number of arguments, for example:

int add(int x, int y)
{
    return x + y;
}

You can only call that with exactly two arguments which correspond to parameters x and y.

add(2, 3);
add(5, 12);

But if you try it with more, the compiler won’t let you:

add(2, 3, 4);  // ERROR
add(5);        // ERROR

Variadic functions get around this limitation to a certain extent.

We’ve already seen a famous example in printf()! You can pass all kinds of things to it.

printf("Hello, world!\n");
printf("The number is %d\n", 2);
printf("The number is %d and pi is %f\n", 2, 3.14159);

It seems to not care how many arguments you give it!

Well, that’s not entirely true. Zero arguments will give you an error:

printf();  // ERROR

This leads us to one of the limitations of variadic functions in C: they must have at least one argument.

But aside from that, they’re pretty flexible, even allows arguments to have different types just like printf() does.

Let’s see how they work!

25.1 Ellipses in Function Signatures

So how does it work, syntactically?

What you do is put all the arguments that must be passed first (and remember there has to be at least one) and after that, you put .... Just like this:

void func(int a, ...)   // Literally 3 dots here

Here’s some code to demo that:

#include <stdio.h>

void func(int a, ...)
{
    printf("a is %d\n", a);  // Prints "a is 2"
}

int main(void)
{
    func(2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
}

So, great, we can get that first argument that’s in variable a, but what about the rest of the arguments? How do you get to them?

Here’s where the fun begins!

25.2 Getting the Extra Arguments

You’re going to want to include <stdarg.h> to make any of this work.

First things first, we’re going to use a special variable of type va_list (variable argument list) to keep track of which variable we’re accessing at a time.

The idea is that we first start processing arguments with a call to va_start(), process each argument in turn with va_arg(), and then, when done, wrap it up with va_end().

When you call va_start(), you need to pass in the last named parameter (the one just before the ...) so it knows where to start looking for the additional arguments.

And when you call va_arg() to get the next argument, you have to tell it the type of argument to get next.

Here’s a demo that adds together an arbitrary number of integers. The first argument is the number of integers to add together. We’ll make use of that to figure out how many times we have to call va_arg().

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

int add(int count, ...)
{
    int total = 0;
    va_list va;

    va_start(va, count);   // Start with arguments after "count"

    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        int n = va_arg(va, int);   // Get the next int

        total += n;
    }

    va_end(va);  // All done

    return total;
}

int main(void)
{
    printf("%d\n", add(4, 6, 2, -4, 17));  // 6 + 2 - 4 + 17 = 21
    printf("%d\n", add(2, 22, 44));        // 22 + 44 = 66
}

(Note that when printf() is called, it uses the number of %ds (or whatever) in the format string to know how many more arguments there are!)

If the syntax of va_arg() is looking strange to you (because of that loose type name floating around in there), you’re not alone. These are implemented with preprocessor macros in order to get all the proper magic in there.

25.3 va_list Functionality

What is that va_list variable we’re using up there? It’s an opaque variable153 that holds information about which argument we’re going to get next with va_arg(). You see how we just call va_arg() over and over? The va_list variable is a placeholder that’s keeping track of progress so far.

But we have to initialize that variable to some sensible value. That’s where va_start() comes into play.

When we called va_start(va, count), above, we were saying, “Initialize the va variable to point to the variable argument immediately after count.”

And that’s why we need to have at least one named variable in our argument list154.

Once you have that pointer to the initial parameter, you can easily get subsequent argument values by calling va_arg() repeatedly. When you do, you have to pass in your va_list variable (so it can keep on keeping track of where you are), as well as the type of argument you’re about to copy off.

It’s up to you as a programmer to figure out which type you’re going to pass to va_arg(). In the above example, we just did ints. But in the case of printf(), it uses the format specifier to determine which type to pull off next.

And when you’re done, call va_end() to wrap it up. You must (the spec says) call this on a particular va_list variable before you decide to call either va_start() or va_copy() on it again. I know we haven’t talked about va_copy() yet.

So the standard progression is:

I also mentioned va_copy() up there; it makes a copy of your va_list variable in the exact same state. That is, if you haven’t started with va_arg() with the source variable, the new one won’t be started, either. If you’ve consumed 5 variables with va_arg() so far, the copy will also reflect that.

va_copy() can be useful if you need to scan ahead through the arguments but need to also remember your current place.

25.4 Library Functions That Use va_lists

One of the other uses for these is pretty cool: writing your own custom printf() variant. It would be a pain to have to handle all those format specifiers right? All zillion of them?

Luckily, there are printf() variants that accept a working va_list as an argument. You can use these to wrap up and make your own custom printf()s!

These functions start with the letter v, such as vprintf(), vfprintf(), vsprintf(), and vsnprintf(). Basically all your printf() golden oldies except with a v in front.

Let’s make a function my_printf() that works just like printf() except it takes an extra argument up front.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

int my_printf(int serial, const char *format, ...)
{
    va_list va;

    // Do my custom work
    printf("The serial number is: %d\n", serial);

    // Then pass the rest off to vprintf()
    va_start(va, format);
    int rv = vprintf(format, va);
    va_end(va);

    return rv;
}

int main(void)
{
    int x = 10;
    float y = 3.2;

    my_printf(3490, "x is %d, y is %f\n", x, y);
}

See what we did there? On lines 12-14 we started a new va_list variable, and then just passed it right into vprintf(). And it knows just want to do with it, because it has all the printf() smarts built-in.

We still have to call va_end() when we’re done, though, so don’t forget that!

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